Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, the founder and architect of Reconstructionist Judaism, judged that the risks and distortions surrounding chosenness were so great that the concept should be rejected rather than repaired. He preferred to reconstruct Judaism around peoplehood, civilization and evolving ethical ideals, without the claim that a supernatural God singled out the Jewish people in a unique way, with an implicit claim of some kind of superiority.
I believe that it is possible — and important, given the current state of the world — to retain chosenness and to reconstruct it so that it (1) does not imply superiority or exclusivity in perception or in substance; and (2) strengthens Jewish communal life by binding Jews to operate according to the ethical principles of Judaism.
Chosenness can be reframed not as a view that Jews hold a “special favor” in the eyes of a God that chooses, but instead as an ethically disciplined covenantal vocation: a commitment to live by moral and ethical responsibilities, while explicitly denying any hierarchy of human worth or divine favoritism.
Why Chosenness Became Morally Radioactive
In a world marked heavily by nationalism, racism and religious violence, the phrase “chosen people” can sound like a sacred warrant for domination, even if and when Jews mean something else entirely.
There are at least four reasons the concept became so difficult to sustain in good conscience:
- Status drift: “Chosen for responsibilities” often drifts into “chosen for specialness,” and then, into “chosen as better.” Even if superiority is not taught, it can be absorbed socially.
- Boundary hardening: Election language can be used to justify exclusion, not merely of outsiders but of Jews who dissent. If chosenness becomes a badge of belonging, it can be weaponized to police who counts as a “real Jew.”
- Theodicy and favoritism: If election implies God’s preferential love, it risks trivializing the suffering of others.
- Non-supernaturalism: Kaplan clearly resisted a notion of a supernatural God that “chooses.” For Kaplan, God is the process through which humanity expresses its movement toward its fulfillment, a.k.a. “salvation.” How could Jews be “chosen” if there is no God that chooses?
Kaplan saw these hazards and concluded the concept could not be salvaged. There is a different possibility for us today: not discarding the category, but detoxifying it by reconstructing its meaning and its communal function.
A Reconstructed Definition: Chosenness as Vocation, Not a Rank
A workable reconstruction begins with a blunt moral axiom: No one people is superior to another. Any theology that implies hierarchy of human worth is ethically disqualified from being embraced by a Reconstructionist approach to Judaism. With that axiom in place, chosenness can be recast as something like the following:
Chosenness is the inherited, voluntarily reaffirmed vocation of the Jewish people to live by a covenantal discipline of ethical responsibility toward God (or ultimate moral reality), toward other Jews and toward the wider human community. It is not a claim of greater value, greater salvation or greater Divine affection. It is an acknowledgement of particular obligation and particular practice.
This definition shifts election away from an externally offered metaphysical privilege, and toward an embrace of moral and ethical accountability. It also changes the emotional posture: chosenness becomes less a triumphal identity, and more a sober call and recognition of one’s obligations to humanity as a Jew, one that should produce humility rather than pride.
Any theology that implies hierarchy of human worth is ethically disqualified from being embraced by a Reconstructionist approach to Judaism.
Two further clarifications help this reconstruction to be on even firmer ground:
- Covenant is not a zero-sum resource. The Jewish covenant is not exclusive, depriving anyone else (i.e., non-Jews) of Divine relationship or moral purpose. Many traditions clearly can be covenantal in their own terms. Jewish chosenness is a particular path — and not the only path.
- “Chosen” names a relationship, not a ranking. The language of being “chosen” can be reconstructed to also include people’s choosing their participation; and can be true without implying that others are ignored, excluded, inferior, unworthy or unloved.
Inside this construct, chosenness is analogous to being entrusted with a role: a community is handed a script of practices, texts and moral demands that it did not itself invent, and it is analyzed by how faithfully it takes these traditions and applies their purpose and meaning in today’s world. The point is not to be “more” than others, but to be more accountable to a particular covenant, which, again, is not meant to imply or say that it is the only covenant with God.
Reframing the Liturgy and Narrative: From ‘Us Over Them’ to ‘Us for All’
A reconstructed chosenness must also address perception, not only intent. Even if Jews mean “responsibility,” the phrase can still be heard as “superiority.” That means reconstruction is not merely a private reinterpretation; it is a communal re-education project, especially around liturgy and teaching.
One approach is to emphasize interpretive translations and framing rather than erasure. When prayers speak of God “choosing us,” communities can teach, and sometimes explicitly add interpretive readings, that clarify the meaning:
- Not a supernatural God: We are not speaking about a supernatural God that selected Jews as God’s exclusive messengers. It would be closer to saying “we acknowledge the life-force/process in the universe that allowed Jews to develop a sacred covenant to live with ethical responsibility — to one’s self, family, community, society and the world.
- Chosen for service: Not chosen for status, but chosen to bear Torah as a discipline of justice and compassion.
- Chosen to be judged: Covenant intensifies accountability; it does not confer a moral exemption.
- Chosen to practice tikkun: The aim is repair — of self, family, community, society and world.
Likewise, Jewish narratives that can be read as triumphalist (such as the stories of Hanukkah and Purim) can be taught through a moral lens: In the Torah, Israel’s election is repeatedly paired with critique of Israel’s failures. The prophetic voice does not flatter; it demands. The covenant is not a trophy; it is a mirror. In this reading, chosenness is less “we are special” and more “we are obligated, and we often fall short.”
Chosenness reconstructed becomes less a triumphal identity, and more a sober call and recognition of one’s obligations to humanity as a Jew — one that should produce humility rather than pride.
This also allows for a crucial public-facing statement: Chosenness, rightly understood, should make Jews more committed to the dignity and flourishing of non-Jews, not less.
This statement reverses the traditionally understood moral direction of the concept. Instead of election being a boundary that elevates insiders, it becomes a discipline that pushes outward: toward justice, honesty, compassion and solidarity with other peoples.
Chosenness as a Communal, Good-Faith Covenant
The second goal is more than theological: reconstructed chosenness should strengthen ties among Jews by binding us to operate in good faith according to ethical principles. This is where chosenness becomes socially constructive rather than divisive.
Communities fracture when identity becomes merely tribal — when belonging is detached from moral obligation. Reconstructionist Jews may choose to identify as “secular,” rather than religiously observant; they may label themselves as agnostic when it comes to God; but they cannot truly ignore the ethics of Judaism and maintain good faith with Jewish peoplehood. A reconstructed chosenness insists that Jewish identity is not simply ancestry or affinity; it is grounded both in identity and also covenantal conduct. It can therefore serve as a basis for communal good faith: a shared expectation that Jews owe one another — and others — integrity, fairness and responsibility, even amid disagreement.
Here is a practical model: Reconstructionist communities could create a Chosenness Charter. This would not be a new “creed” or set of beliefs apart from Jewish liturgy, but a communal articulation of what “being chosen” demands. Such a charter might include commitments like:
- Truthfulness and integrity: We will not bear false witness, spread rumors, manipulate facts or weaponize ambiguity for advantage.
- Fair process: We will pursue disputes through transparent, accountable procedures; we will hear opposing views; we will reject humiliation as a tactic.
- Guarding human dignity: We will not treat opponents as enemies; we will avoid dehumanizing speech; we will prioritize kavod habriyot (“human honor”). And we hold that all humans are worthy of respect and have access to what Kaplan called “salvation.”
- Responsibility for harm: When we wrong one another, we will seek teshuvah — acknowledgment, repair and changed behavior.
- Care for the vulnerable: The covenant requires attention to those most exposed — economically, socially, emotionally.
- Pluralism in good faith: We will argue for our visions without claiming that dissenters are less Jewish or less moral by default.
The articulation of such a charter is transformative: It turns chosenness from a metaphysical slogan into a communal ethic. It also supplies a standard by which Jews can hold themselves accountable. If a reconstructed chosenness is to be real, it must show up in how Jews conduct meetings, handle money, speak about each other, resolve conflict and treat strangers. In other words, this type of chosenness becomes testable — measured not merely by proclamations of identity but also by the moral quality of communal life.
This is precisely the kind of peoplehood Kaplan prized, but with an added propellant: The covenantal idea provides language of obligation and a shared narrative frame that can motivate ethical discipline more strongly than a generic moralism, or by the selection of just a few ethical standards by which to live.
The Moral Psychology: Humility, Not Pride
A reconstructed chosenness must actively cultivate humility. The easiest way for the concept to relapse into superiority is for it to serve the ego: i.e., “we are chosen” as a salve for insecurity or as a shield against assimilation. The reconstruction therefore needs a built-in spiritual posture:
- Gratitude rather than entitlement: for inheritance, texts, practices and survival.
- Responsibility rather than privilege: more demanded, not more deserved.
- Solidarity rather than separation: distinctiveness in practice, not contempt for others.
Humility also means acknowledging the historical record. Jews, like most peoples, have sometimes used religious self-understanding to justify cruelty or exclusion. A covenantal reconstruction should be honest about that risk and teach safeguards: Embracing being “chosen” cannot override the dignity of any person, as all people are created in the Divine image, nor can it excuse injustice.
In this way, chosenness becomes a spiritual discipline against the very temptations it can produce. The concept is retained, but its moral “guardrails” are made explicit and central.
A Pluralistic Theology: Many Callings, One Human Dignity
Finally, to meet the first requirement — non-exclusiveness in perception and reality — reconstructed chosenness must sit within a pluralistic theology. That does not require relativism; it requires clarity about what is universal and what is particular.
- Universal: human dignity, moral responsibility, compassion, justice, truthfulness.
- Particular (and, not superior or exclusionary): Jewish practices, narratives, calendrical life, halakhic or quasi-halakhic disciplines, communal memory.
Chosenness belongs to the particular category. It is the Jewish way of describing why Jews persist as a people with a distinctive, disciplined life. It need not and should not imply that others lack divine relationship, moral vocation or access to holiness.
If a reconstructed chosenness is to be real, it must show up in how Jews conduct meetings, handle money, speak about each other, resolve conflict and treat strangers.
One can even say: God (or the moral demand at the heart of reality) calls many communities to many paths. The Jewish path is one of them. What makes it “chosen” is not divine favoritism but the experience of being addressed through Torah and history — and the willingness, repeatedly renewed, to answer that call.
Conclusion: Kaplan’s Concern, and the Reconstruction He Didn’t Choose
Kaplan rejected chosenness because he feared its metaphysical claims and its moral consequences. His caution was and remains wisely grounded. This is particularly so in a world where antisemitism is more openly present in society than it has been in recent decades. But the alternative to a dangerous concept is not always abandonment; sometimes it is moral reconstruction. Chosenness can, in fact, be reimagined as covenantal vocation: an inherited and voluntarily reaffirmed responsibility to practice a disciplined ethical life, to hold ourselves and fellow Jews to standards of good faith and to orient Jewish peoplehood toward justice and repair.
Under this reconstruction, chosenness is not the claim that Jews are better. And it’s not a claim that there is or was a supernatural “God” that selected Jews above all others for a purpose. It is the claim that Jews are bound: bound to a demanding moral tradition, bound to one another through ethical obligations and bound outward to the flourishing of all people. If that is what chosenness means, then its purpose is not exclusion but integrity, not superiority but service, not privilege but accountability. And in a fractured age, a people who publicly defines itself by good-faith ethics may be precisely the kind of “chosen” the world can understand — and that Jews can affirm and embrace, without embarrassment.
Because chosenness was so fraught for Kaplan, he created a new blessing before the reading of Torah: … asher kervanu la’avodato (“who has drawn us to your service”) to replace asher bakhar banu mi-kol ha’amim. Kaplan was correct to do so, but not because asher bahar banu (“who has chosen us”) is so problematic, but because mi-kol ha’amim (“from among all the peoples of the earth”) is. As asserted above, a Reconstructionist approach holds that there are many different paths to God and fulfillment — and ours is not better than others’, even if it is particular.
As a Reconstructionist Jew, I am proud to both embrace a reconstruction of “chosenness” and at the same time reject the traditional blessing before the Torah; instead, I can thank God for “drawing me/us to God’s service” when I have the honor of an aliyah without making a claim of superior status in God’s eyes. A Reconstructionist has the capacity to simultaneously hold two seemingly conflicting things
Reconstructionism holds that Judaism is the evolving, religious civilization of the Jewish people. The evolution is ongoing, and chosenness can be reconstructed in a way that strengthens a covenant with God, with other Jews and with the whole of humanity. Such a reconstruction can contribute meaningfully, even if in a small way, to tikkun olam (“repair of the world”).
